Over nine and a half years ago, on April 3, 2000, popular radio journalist Jean Dominique was shot four times in the chest as he arrived for work at the Port-au-Prince station he owned, Radio Haiti. The gunman also killed the station's security guard Jean-Claude Louissaint. Haitian President René Préval ordered three days of official mourning, and some 16,000 people filled the National Stadium for the two's funeral.

The killers of Dominique and Louissaint have never been found, and the murder's investigation, which has always been controversial1, is all but dead. Dominique's widow, Michèle Montas, continued running Radio Haiti for almost three years but then closed the station in February 2003 after one of her body-guards was killed following numerous threats.

In April and May, 2007, journalist Jeb Sprague interviewed attorneys Mario Joseph and Brian Concannon who worked for the International Lawyers Office (BAI), which specializes in defending human rights cases. In 2000, the Préval government asked the BAI to help investigate the killings. This interview reveals the perspective of two lawyers who worked intensively on the case and their thoughts on the role of former Senator Dany Toussaint, the investigation headed by Judge Claudy Gassant, the mobilization around the case, and revelations made by Guy Philippe, a former soldier who led the armed "rebels" during the 2004 coup against former President Jean-Bertrand Aristide.

This interview was first published in the Journal of Haitian Studies in 2007.

- - - - JEB SPRAGUE: It has been seven years since Jean Dominique was killed. From your perspective, how did the investigation into the killing of Jean Dominique begin?

BRIAN CONCANNON: The investigation started immediately. Police came to the scene a few minutes after the killing. There were lots of false starts, because the system, although functional, was not up to a case this tough, but there was a continuous effort to investigate.

MARIO JOSEPH: After Dominique was killed there was a huge public funeral at a sports stadium in Port-au-Prince. Both the current President Préval and the former President Aristide participated in the funeral. Both were visibly upset. First under the Préval, and later the second Aristide administrations, our legal group the Bureau des Avocats Internationaux (BAI) was tasked with following up on the case. We were initially asked by Michèle Montas, Jean Dominique's widow, who asked me to represent her as a civil lawyer, as I was doing for the victims of the Raboteau massacre. But we were also asked to work on the case by both Presidents. Soon after Aristide was elected, and from time to time during his administration (2001-2004) we talked with him about the Jean Dominique case. We asked him, as he was the executive, what he wanted us to do on the case? He answered, "Find the murderers."

JS: Who were the initial suspects and how did the investigation evolve?

BC: There were lots of leads at the beginning. There were leads pointing to Dany Toussaint but also several other people, including several members of what became the Group of 184.2 Some of the leads were based on witness reports. Some were based on tips - we set up a hotline in our office for tips, and the number was broadcast on Radio Haiti. Other leads were based on circumstantial evidence.

MJ: We did not see all the evidence - under Haitian tradition the judge's pre-trial investigation is secret - and we never saw direct evidence of Mr. Toussaint's involvement in the crime. But there was circumstantial evidence, and our position was always that all the leads should be followed against everyone, including Dany Toussaint. Presidents Préval and Aristide both told us the same thing - pursue the case and the leads. Judge Claudy Gassant was named investigating judge on the case, I believe sometime in mid-2000, and headed up the investigation. But we felt already in 2000 that many people were using the investigation as a political tool for undermining the Lavalas movement (Aristide did not take office until 2001). The pressures from the international community and elite Haitian civil society were to pursue people based on their connection with Fanmi Lavalas rather than based on the available evidence. We were not involved in any discussions of whether or not Dany Toussaint was guilty. We did not then and still do not have enough information to take a position on that. Our interest was in the process - were all the leads, no matter where they led, being followed? Was Haitian law, and the rights of the victims, and of the accused, respected? We felt there certainly was good reason to support investigating Mr. Toussaint, and we supported that investigation. But we were also concerned that promising leads involving other targets were being neglected.

JS: Prior to his death, Jean Dominique was highly critical of Dany Toussaint as well as some powerful individuals within the opposition.3 Were you ever suspicious of Toussaint?

MJ: Mr. Toussaint's response to the investigation certainly raised some suspicions. The way he responded to the case did make it look like he had something to hide. That justified continuing the investigation against him, but from the information I saw it did not justify abandoning the other leads. There were many other people with a motive to kill Jean Dominique, including people in the opposition and in the top echelons of wealthy Haitian society. It is possible they were working with Mr. Toussaint, or without him; we just never saw enough information to make that determination.

BC: The executive branch's role was to support the investigation, and Judge Gassant's role was to conduct a pretrial investigation and determine who had enough evidence against him to justify going to trial. In the end, it is the trial court - in this case it would probably be with a jury - that makes the ultimate determination of guilt. I think it's important in viewing what happened to recognize that we never had an opinion on whether or not Mr. Toussaint or anyone else was guilty. As far as I know Presidents Préval and Aristide never had an opinion either. We were suspending personal judgments until we saw what proof the judicial system produced.

JS: But you also were critical of the investigation that Gassant was running. Why did the government have such trouble working with Gassant on the Dominique case and vice versa?4 Human Rights Watch, prior to the 2001 inauguration of Aristide, was already reporting that obstacles had arisen that hindered Gassant's investigation.

MJ: My principal criticism of Judge Gassant was that there were several trails to follow and that he only followed the one that seemed to lead toward Mr. Toussaint. We felt, based on our limited information, that he was abandoning other promising leads. I also felt that Judge Gassant was letting controversy surrounding the case interfere unduly with the investigation. The Judge needed to struggle to find resources for the case, as all the judges in all our cases did. The Dominique case was, obviously, a particularly dangerous undertaking, so for good reason he was worried about his personal safety. But as time passed, Judge Gassant appeared to be spending more and more time confronting the government over resources or the privileges of his job, and less and less time actually pursuing the case. The investigation received many more government resources, both for the Judge's security and for the investigation, than any other case we had seen, probably more than any case in Haitian history. Judge Gassant had such a large security detail that it took a lot of time just for him to get in and out of his cars. Judge Gassant spent an increasing amount of time denouncing lack of government support, or threats against his life, on the radio stations. His stature grew every time he went on the radio to denounce the government, in ways it did not grow when he actually made progress in the investigation. Although I believe that Judge Gassant was facing real risks to his life, often the things he complained about as risks were never substantiated as real risks.

BC: The investigation became a source of power for Judge Gassant. He insisted that he choose his own security detail, which gave him the power to hire and arm people close to him. He received a lot of money to support this entourage, and it took time and energy to manage. We also felt that Judge Gassant was picking fights that were not necessary, and that distracted from the investigation. Certainly the judge had reason to complain about many issues, especially with regard to Senator Toussaint. But he also kept picking fights with the police, for no good reason. For example, one time his motorcade was stopped by the police on the road in Carrefour, a suburb of Port-au-Prince. The road to Carrefour was always jammed with traffic, so Judge Gassant would put his flashing lights on, even if it was not an emergency, and drive on the wrong side of the Jersey barriers to make time. On this day the police pulled him over. Judge Gassant refused to cooperate, and afterwards went on the radio and turned the incident into an attack on him and the case. I can't blame Judge Gassant for trying to skip the Carrefour traffic - if it helped him get to the office faster; it probably helped him get more work done on the Dominique case. But I can't blame the police for prohibiting non-emergency vehicles from driving on the wrong side of the road. It might have been reasonable for Gassant to ask the police for special permission, but turning normal traffic enforcement into a major incident was a big distraction to everyone involved. This kind of thing happened over and over again.

(To be continued)

NOTES

1 Patrick Élie, "Haiti: The Coup D'Etat of April 3, 2000," Global Research, October 11, 2004.

2 "The Assassination of Jean Dominique: Is it part of Washington's offensive?" Haiti Progrès, April 5-11, 2000.

3 Jean Dominique, "Does Dany Toussaint Take God's Children for a Bunch of Wild Ducks?," Radio Haiti Inter, October 19, 1999.

4 "International Alliance for Justice for Jean Dominique," National Coalition for Haitian Rights (NCHR), June 15, 2001; "Press Release: Haiti Support Group and nine other international NGOs write to Senator Neptune," Haiti Support Group, November 23, 2001.